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It substitutes ad-hoc arbitration with a standing tribunal of nine members who fulfill five-year renewable terms. Awards stay enforceable under the New York Convention, but the appeal process allows either side request review on legal errors or clear factual mistakes. The ICS is still in its pilot phase, so companies need to anticipate longer proceedings—about 26 months from request to final award—than typical ICSID cases. Legal costs are consistent, averaging €1.4 million for mid-complexity disputes according to the 2023 ICC Dispute Resolution statistics. Security Screenings Both sides keep the right to screen investments for national-security reasons, but the EPA introduces transparency duties and time limits. Japan’s Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (FEFTA) mandates prior notice for investments above 10 percent in listed sectors; the screening window is 30 days and can be extended once by another 30 days. The EU FDI Screening Regulation requires member states to tell the Commission about any investment under review, but the final call rests with the member state. Firms should therefore file parallel notices in Tokyo and Brussels when the deal value exceeds €100 million or when the target is active in semiconductors, critical raw materials, or dual-use technology. Contracting Opportunities The EPA expands coverage under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement by adding 48 new Japanese entities and 12 EU entities. Thresholds for construction services are set at SDR 15 million for central-government procurement and SDR 5 million for goods. Award criteria must be published in advance, so companies can model bids against published scoring matrices. A 2022 OECD study revealed that EU firms obtain 14 percent of Japanese government contracts above threshold when they present English technical proposals with a Japanese executive summary; the success rate falls to 3 percent when documents arrive only in English. Local-Content and Local-Content and Local-Content and Local-Content and Offset Rules The EPA forbids offsets, but some sub-central bodies still ask for “industrial cooperation” clauses. These are non-binding letters of intent rather than contract duties, yet they influence scoring. European aerospace suppliers state that promising joint R&D centres in Japan adds 8–12 points on a 100-point scale, often the difference between winning and losing. The EPA’s transparency article requires disclosure of scoring weights, so bidders can now match their cooperation offers to the published scale instead of over-committing. Dispute Avoidance and Compliance Monitoring The EPA’s Trade and Sustainable Development chapter sets up civil-society monitoring through Domestic Advisory Groups (DAGs). Each DAG includes business, labour, and environmental representatives who meet twice a year and can lodge complaints if either side seems to breach labour or environmental commitments. The chapter has no direct sanctions, but reputational pressure already prompted Japan to update its Technical Intern Training Programme after a 2021 DAG complaint. Companies should therefore integrate EPA compliance into their ESG reporting, because future procurement tenders increasingly reference DAG findings. Rules of Origin and Documentation Preferential tariff treatment hinges on complying with the EPA’s product-specific rules of origin. Most manufactured goods follow a change-of-tariff-heading rule, but chemicals and textiles often demand a 40 percent value-added threshold. Sellers opt for the “statement on origin” system and approved-exporter status. The statement route is valid for shipments under €6 000; above that level, customs officers frequently demand supporting calculations. Approved-exporter status, granted after a one-day audit, allows the exporter to issue origin declarations without a value limit and cuts average clearance time from 36 hours to 6 hours at Narita and Frankfurt airports. E-Commerce and Data Transfers Chapter 12 on electronic commerce forbids data-localisation rules and ensures free cross-border data transfers by electronic means. The chapter also includes the first explicit reference in an EU trade deal to open government data, requiring both sides to publish public datasets in machine-readable formats. For SaaS providers this implies customer data processed in an EU cloud can be accessed by Japanese subsidiaries without physical storage inside Japan. Transfers still need to follow the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation and Japan’s Act on the Protection of Personal Information; the European Commission’s 2019 adequacy decision for Japan remains the working bridge. Practical Implementation Roadmap Firms new to the EPA can adopt a four-step approach. To start, categorize every product and service against the EPA tariff schedule and service reservation
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